PSG has now won the prestigious cup on 14 different times.
Paris Saint-Germain required a stoppage-time leveler followed by a successful penalty shootout to overcome their arch-rivals in the Gulf and capture a record-extending fourth consecutive Trophee des Champions victory.
The European champions seemed to be sailing towards a straightforward triumph in the match featuring the French league champions and the French Cup holders after Ousmane Dembele opened the scoring in the opening stages.
However, Marseille struck two times late to seize a surprise advantage. Initially, Mason Greenwood converted from the spot-kick, before the defender inadvertently directed the ball into his own net for an own goal.
In a breathtaking turn of fortune, the Portuguese striker snatched a crucial leveler in the final seconds to send the contest into a deciding shootout. PSG goalkeeper Chevalier then emerged as the key figure, saving crucial kicks from Matt O'Riley and Traore.
In the shootout, Ramos, Vitinha, the full-back, and Desire Doue all converted with composure for PSG to seal a convincing penalty victory.
The record champions Paris Saint-Germain, who faced last season's Ligue 1 second-placed team Olympique de Marseille after completing a league and cup double, have now won this trophy for the twelfth time in the past 13 seasons.